In non-radar environments with no approach services and no appropriate fix or time criteria, the departing aircraft must be established on a course diverging by at least how many degrees before the arriving aircraft begins procedure turn?

• A. 45 degrees
• B. 15 degrees
• C. 0 degrees
• D. 90 degrees

Answer: (A)

In nonradar environments without approach services or time/fix criteria, safe sequencing relies on how the two aircraft are oriented relative to the final approach course. The departing aircraft must be established on a course that diverges from the arriving aircraft’s final approach course by a minimum of 45 degrees before the arriving aircraft begins its procedure turn. This gives solid lateral separation, so the outbound path and the inbound procedure turn won’t intersect riskily, even without ATC vectors or radar guidance.

Smaller divergence wouldn’t guarantee enough separation, and having zero divergence would put both aircraft on the same line. A much larger divergence, like 90 degrees, is acceptable but exceeds the minimum requirement, which is why 45 degrees is the best answer here.