Recognized methods of orienting an aircraft include radar, NAVAIDs, pilotage, and ___.

• A. radar
• B. NAVAIDs
• C. sighting by other aircraft
• D. pilotage

Answer: (C)

The key idea is that orientation can come from multiple reference methods, not just instruments. In addition to radar, ground-based NAVAIDs, and pilotage by landmarks, pilots can also use the position of another aircraft as a reference. When you can see another plane and know its position from ATC or radar data, you can estimate your own position and heading relative to that aircraft. This is especially useful when other navigation aids aren’t providing a clear fix or when coordinating with nearby traffic. It relies on visual contact and communication to establish where you are in relation to a known point, helping to maintain situational awareness and proper separation.